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Despite this danger, some populations, such as those in the Andes, have lived at altitude for thousands of years. Indeed, altitude is a risk factor for high blood pressure during pregnancy, a disorder called pre-eclampsia. Living at high altitude can have an impact on health and consequences on pregnancy, due to the lack of oxygen. Adaptations to reduce the risk of pregnancy complications They may have evolved in a coordinated manner to cope with the new pathogens that the first inhabitants of America encountered when they arrived. These genes are notably involved in the macrophage immune response, one of the pathways of inflammation. The study also found, for the first time, signs of selection before contact with Europeans, on two other genes involved in the immune response, CD300LF and MIF.

' This could have consequences, for example, on the risk of developing autoimmune diseases.' This highlights the evolutionary trade-off between a strong inflammatory response to fight pathogens and avoidance of the consequences of acute or chronic inflammation.' The diseases brought by Europeans would therefore have had a significant impact on the immune system of today's Latin Americans. The first author of the study, Javier Mendoza-Revilla, from the Institut Pasteur's Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, also affiliated with the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (Peru) and having started his work at the University College London (UK), points out that ' these results are extremely interesting, as previous studies have shown that the inflammatory response varies from one human population to another. Variants from African and European populations thus helped American populations adapt to Old World infectious pathogens. The researchers also identified signs of significant European ancestry in the CD101 gene, which plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation. Natural selection of immunity-related genes The new results of this study are consistent with this hypothesis. African populations displaced during the Atlantic trade appear to have carried adaptive variants in the gene pool that helped Latin American populations cope with emerging diseases. Previous work on HLA genes on chromosome 6, which are involved in the immune response, has shown that Latin Americans have a high level of African ancestry in this genetic region. In this way, they estimated the pressure that European diseases put on the American population. The researchers were thus able to determine whether adaptations occurred only in the early Americans or in the mixed population after contact with Europeans about 500 years ago.

This technique makes it possible to explore adaptations in past populations without ancient DNA, which is not easily available. Until now, indigenous Americans have been severely underrepresented in genomic studies. They were able to detect signals of ancient adaptations, focusing particularly on subjects with a higher proportion of indigenous ancestry. Using a new statistical model, the authors of the study scanned the genomes of 4000 volunteers from the CANDELA consortium cohort, recruited in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Mexico, and Peru. A groundbreaking study of the genetic heritage of early Americans These mutations could have helped Andean people avoid complications during pregnancy, which are more likely to occur at high altitudes. These new data, published in the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution, also reveal adaptive variants at a gene associated with pre-eclampsia, a high blood pressure disorder that occurs during pregnancy. The latter brought with them many infectious diseases to which the native populations had not been able to adapt, such as smallpox and measles. Using a novel technique to pick apart genetic signatures of indigenous Americans, the international research team identified genetic adaptations in immunity-related genes that occurred after contact between indigenous Americans and Europeans. New genetic analyses of Latin Americans have revealed numerous insights into how indigenous peoples evolved before European contact, and how their genetics changed in recent centuries. An international publication, led by a researcher from the Institut Pasteur, provides the most comprehensive chronology of genetic adaptations in the Latin American population, before and after the arrival of Europeans.

Project 64 how to emulate joystick sensitivity.